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Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviors that have fitness consequences for individuals other than the actor. Social behaviors can be categorized according to the fitness consequences they entail for the actor and recipient. * Mutually beneficial – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient * Selfish – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the actor, but the recipient suffers a loss * Altruistic – a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the recipient, but the actor suffers a loss * Spiteful – a behavior that decreases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient This classification was proposed by W. D. Hamilton. He proposes that natural selection favors mutually beneficial or selfish behaviors. Hamilton's insight was to show how kin selection could explain altruism and spite. Social evolution is also often regarded (especially, in the field of social anthropology) as evolution of social systems and structures.〔see, e.g., ''Evolution and culture''. Ed. by Marshall David Sahlins and Elman Service. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1960; Andrey Korotayev, Nikolay Kradin, Victor de Munck, and Valeri Lynsha. (Alternatives of Social Evolution: An Introduction ). ''Alternatives of Social Evolution''. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009. P.12-59.〕 In 2010, Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson, a founder of modern sociobiology, proposed a new theory of social evolution. He argued that the traditional approach of focusing on eusociality had limitations, which he illustrated primarily with examples from the insect world.〔 ==See also== * Anagenesis * Evolutionary game theory * Evolutionary psychology * Evolutionary psychology of language * FOXP2 and human evolution * Origins of society 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social evolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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